by Amy Young, Dr. Monica Aleman, and Dr. Carrie Finno
Temporohyoid osteoarthopathy (THO) results in bone thickening and fusion of the temporohyoid joint to the skull, potentially causing pain and nerve deficits.
Trigeminal-mediated headshaking is characterized by uncontrollable shaking, flicking, or jerking of the head, sometimes violently, without any apparent cause.